Tugas Soft Skill Bahasa Inggris 2 " Direct and Indirect Speech"

DIRECT  AND INDIRECT SPEECH

 A. Pengertian Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct speech adalah suatu kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara yang dalam penulisannya disertai dengan tanda aphostrof (tanda kutip) di awal dan akhir kalimatnya sebagaimana teks dialog atau percakapan.

Contoh:

Andi bilang kepada saya: “kamu adalah orang yang sangat aku cintai”

Andi says to me: “you are the one I love very much”

Sedangkan Indirect speech adalah suatu kalimat yang menggambarkan perkataan orang lain atau dirinya sendiri secara tidak langsung (tidak persis seperti yang dikatakan pada saat diucapkan).

Seperti jika kita merubah contoh kalimat di atas maka indirect speechnya menjadi:

Andi bilang kepada saya bahwa saya adalah orang yang sangat ia cintai.

Andi says to me that I am the one he love so much

Baik kalimat direct maupun indirect speech terdiri dari dua unsur yakni induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Induk kalimat (introduce phrase) sedangkan anak kalimat (reported words)

B. Aturan Perubahan Direct Indirect Speech

perubahan kalimat dari direct speech ke indirect speech dalam hal perubahan tenses, subjek objek serta tempat dan waktu.

Berikut aturan perubahannya:

1.Rumus Perubahan Tenses Direct and Indirect Speech

Berikut adalah perubahan Tenses Direct & Indirect Speech

No	Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
1	» Simple Present Tenses		» Simple Past Tenses
	+	S + V1(s,es) + o/c	+	S + V2 + o/c
	-	S + Do/Does + V1 + o/c	-	S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c
	?	Do/Does + S + V1 + o/c	?	Did + S + V1 + o/c
	Mother said, “I go to the market today”		Mother said that she went to the market that day
2	» Present Continuous Tenses		» Past Continuous Tenses
	+	S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + V1 + Ing	+	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing
	-	S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + Not + V1 + Ing	-	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing
	?	TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + S + V1 + Ing	?	TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing
	Andi says, “I am going to school”		Andi says that he was going to school
3	» Present Perfect Tenses		» Past Perfect Tenses
	+	S + Have/Has + V3	+	S + Had + V3
	-	S + Have/Has + Not + V3	-	S + Had + Not + V3
	?	Have/Has + S + V3	?	Had + S + V3
	The Teachers said, “We have some tests for you”		The Teachers said that they have some tests for you
4	» Present Perfect Continuous Tenses		» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
	+	S + Have/Has + Been + V1 + ing	+	S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing
	-	S + Have/Has + Been + Not + V1 + ing	-	S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing
	?	Have/Has + S + Been + V1 + ing	?	Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing
	Sherry said, “I have been reading the book		Sherry said that she had been reading the book
5	» Simple Past Tenses		» Past Pefect Tenses
	+	S + V2 + o/c	+	S + Had + V3
	-	S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c	-	S + Had + Not + V3
	?	Did + S + V1 + o/c	?	Had + S + V3
	Otoosan said, “I ate that food yesterday”		Otoosan said that he had eaten those food the previous day
6	» Past Continuous Tenses		» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
	+	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing	+	S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing
	-	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing	-	S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing
	?	TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing	?	Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing
	Kudo said, “My parents were goin to my grandma’s house last night”		Kudo said that his parents had been going to his grandma’s house the previous night
7	» Simple Future Tenses		» Past Future Tenses
	+	S + Will/Shall + V1	+	S + Would/Should + V1
	-	S + Will/Shall + Not + V1	-	S + Would/Should + Not + V1
	?	Will /Shall + S + V1	?	Would/Should + Not + V1
	Conan said, “My family will come from Japan”		Conan said that his family would go from Japan

2. Keterangan waktu dan tempat

No	DIRECT	INDIRECT
1	Now	Then
2	Tomorrow	The following day
3	will	would
4	Yesterday	The day before
5	Next week	The following week
6	Can	Could
7	Tonight/Today	That night/That day
8	Here	There
9	This	That
10	These	Those

3. Berdasar bentuk Kalimat

Bentuk dasar kalimat juga berpengaruh pada perubahan kalimat dari direct ke indirect speech. Bentuk dasar kalimat yang dimaksud adalah:

1. Statement (pernyataan)
   Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata “that”(bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar/induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan/anak kalimat (reported words). Kata yang biasa digunakan bukan hanya told dan said saja, melainkan bisa juga menggunakan: accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggesteddkk. Contoh:
• He suggested: you should come to the party.
  He suggested I should come to the party.
• Andi told me: “I invite you to come to my party tonight”
  Andi told me that he invited me to come to his party that night
• My sister said to me: “Papa warned me last night”
  My sister said to me that papa had warned her the night before.
2. Command (perintah)
   Perintah berarti menyuruh untuk melakukan atau tidak melakukan (melarang) dengan kata jangan (don’t). Menyuruh untuk melakukan berarti bersifat positif, sedangkan melarang bersifat negatif (menggunakan don’t).

1. Positif
   Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat yang berupa kalimat perintah.
   Contoh:
• He asked me: “Open your book”
  He asked me to open my book.
• Garet aksed me: “stop talking to Janet”.
  Gareth asked me to stop talking to Janet.
2. Negatif
   Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
   Contoh:
• Mary told John: “Don’t wait for me’
  Mary told John not to wait for her.
• Father said to my sister: “don’t go alone in the middle of the night.
  Father asked to my sister not to go alone in the middle of the night.
2. Question (pertanyaan)
   Kalimat pertanyaan dibagi menjadi dua kategori:
0. Pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (what, where, when, who, why, how), maka kata tanya tersebulah yang menjadi penghubung antara induk dan induk kalimat.
   Contoh:
• He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
  He asked me how I would go there
1. Pertanyaan yang tidak menggunakan kata tanya dan jawabannya berupa yes atau no.
   Contoh:
• The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
  The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

 I : She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.      D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

 I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

3.      D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

 I : Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.      D : He has told you, “ I am writing “

 I : He has told you that he is writing

5.      D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

 I : Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.      D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

 I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

7.      D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

 I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

8.      D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

 I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.      D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

 I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

1.   D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

 I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

CONTOH  SOAL

1.    Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?
Raul         : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country             d. he went to his country
b. he has gone to his country        e. he goes to his country
c. he will go to his country
    Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus past perfect)

2.    Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
Jenifer   : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy     : he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent                 d. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent            e. why Mary had been absent
c. why was Mary absent
    Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk past perfect)

3.    Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
Herman  : Okay, mom.
Rudy      : What did your mother just told you?
Herman  : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
a. I wasn’t so noisy            d. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy            e. to be not so noisy
c. don’t be noisy
    Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)

4.   Doctor   : Open your mouth!
    Mother  : What did the doctor tell you?
    Son       : The doctor told me ___
    a. that I open his mouth            d. to open my mouth
    b. if I opened my mouth            e. opened my mouth
    c. to open my mouth
        Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)

5.   Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?
Mother asked me ____
a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
e. if I want meatball or fried chicken
    Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)

6. Did they eat out together yesterday?
A. He asked me if they had eaten out together yesterday.
B. He asked me if they had eaten out together the day before.
C. He asked me if they has eaten out together the day before.

Pembahasan:

Direct speech berupa yes-no question dengan time reference “yesterday”. Time reference perlu diubah menjadi “the day before” atau” the previous day”.

7. Don’t turn off the light now.
A. He told me don't turn off the light at that time.
B. He told me not to turn off the light at that time.
C. He told me didn't turn off the light at that time.

Pembahasan:
Verb menjadi infinitive pada reporting commands (perintah).

8. What’s your passion?
A. She wanted to know what is my passion.
B. She wanted to know what was my passion.
C. She wanted to know what my passion was.

Pembahasan:

Direct speech berupa wh- question (information request) –> pindahkan verb ke belakang subject (word order).

9. I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.
A. He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.
B. He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.
C. He said that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

Pembahasan:

Direct speech berupa statement (pernyataan) dengan verb simple present tense. Verb diubah menjadi simple past tense (penyampai berita fokus pada fakta bahwa pembicaraan merupakan past conversation).

10. Your friend has just left.
A. He told me that your friend had just left.
B. He told me that my friend has just left.
C. He told me that my friend had just left.

Pembahasan:

Verb present perfect tense disesuaikan menjadi past perfect tense.

11. Can I borrow your pencil for a moment?
A. She asked me if she can borrow my pencil for a moment.
B. She asked me whether she can borrow my pencil for a moment.
C. She asked me whether she could borrow my pencil for a moment.

Pembahasan: 

Modal verb “can” (present) disesuakan menjadi “could” (past).

12. Why are you staring at my feet?
A. He asked her why she is staring at his feet.
B. He asked her why she was staring at his feet.
C. He asked her why was she staring at his feet.

Pembahasan:

Verb present continuous tense pada direct speech menjadi past continuous tense pada reported speech.

13. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
A. He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west.
B. He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
C. He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Pembahasan:

Verb tidak berubah (menjadi past) karena pernyataan berupa general truth.

14. I’m going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.
A. She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day.
B. She said she was going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.
C. She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time tomorrow.

Pembahasan:

Time reference “tomorrow” disesuaikan menjadi “the next day” atau “the following day”.

15. We have been here for a week.
A. They said they had been there for a week.
B. They said they had been here for a week.
C. They said we had been there for a week.

Pembahasan:

“Here” pada direct speech diubah menjadi “there”.

16. Alex : I am a student.

      Bob : What did Alex say, Andy?

      Andy : . . . .

a. Alex said that he was a student.   c. Alex say a student

b. Alex is a student.                        d. Alex said he a student

jawaban A karena kalimat tak langsung bersifat mengulang dlm bentuk past tense.

17. he asked “ what is your job!

      me :  . . . . . ?

a. he ask me what my job.      c. he asked me what my job was

b. he ask me my job                d. he ask me that my job

Jawaban C karena merubah direct ke indirect wh question

18. The woman says to him: “you play the piano well.”

The girl says to him that ………….

A. you play the piano well.

B. he play the piano well

C. he plays the piano well

D. he played the piano well

E. you played the piano well

19.  “Did he leave a message for me?”

“yes, he said………. tonight”.

A. he called you

B. he would call him

C. you called her

D. he would call you

E. I would call you

20. “Where did you go  four days ago?” John asked.

Tony asked …….

A. where did I go four days ago

B. where I did go four days ago

C. Where I had gone four days before

D. where I had gone four days ago.

E. where I went four days before